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(1998). Holst, C. (2014). Multicultural citizenship. ), Redistribution or recognition? Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. both quantitative and qualitative research. Rawls, J. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Aldershot: Ashgate. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays October 2004. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. 1. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Towards a European union gender equality index. London: Routledge. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Signs, 19(3), 713738. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. Grofman, B. 3. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cons are arguments against it. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. 1. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. (2005b). The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Democratic political theory. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. New York: Palgrave. State feminism and political representation. Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. (2012). Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Letters can be written to their representatives. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. (pp. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Barry, B. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (2005). In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Affordable. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. Justice and the politics of difference. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Mansbridge, J. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Nussbaum, M. (1999). In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. 3. In B. Grofman et al. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Various reasons clarify why this is. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Phillips, A. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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Cambridge: Harvard University Press. University of Neuchtel. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Cambridge: Polity Press. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. 4. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. - 136.243.94.45. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? (Eds. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Purpose. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). (Eds.). Young, I. M. (2000). Representing Diversity. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. Get full access to this article. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Gender and discourse. Kymlicka, W. (1993). The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Lovenduski, J. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Pages 491-507. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. London: Routledge. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Wngnerud, L. (2009). Hernes, H. (1987). The affirmative action controversy. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. . The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Christiano, T. (2012). Previous Figure Next Figure. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. It is an Efficient Form of Government. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). Feminizing politics. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. (1999). 9. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Mart, J. L. (2006). Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Political liberalism. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The concept of representation. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. 5 No. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Aldershot: Ashgate. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Lovenduski, J. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. Equality of opportunity. A main aspect of marginalization. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. to the people they represent. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Reisel, L. (2014). Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators.