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Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Not able to pass stool or gas. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. 2. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. (credit: Laurie Avocado). Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. c. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). The heart rate slows . Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Weakness and fatigue. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). Reduced urine. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. How does hypnosis work? The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Causes. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. B) the cause of the problem. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. It is typically consumed in pill form. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis.