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Which of the following is a difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies? The process is known as spreading activation (Collins & Loftus, 1975). Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to: pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), is an algorithm for creating a sequence of numbers whose properties approximate those of a random number. Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. a. convergent thinking. PDF Chapter 3: Algorithmic Problem Solving - NUS Computing An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. For example, what comes to your mind when you think of a dog? If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Even a simple sentence is easier to recall when it is meaningful (Anderson, 1984). This event schema involves getting in the car, shutting the door, and buckling your seatbelt before putting the key in the ignition. By following an algorithm, you can ensure that you will arrive at the correct answer to each problem. A. It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. c. practical A. means being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. a. Abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds, Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of ______. Heuristics could also be called: cannot make NEW memories, information does not pass from ST memory to be stores in LT Memory, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. We recommend using a c. Clinical neuropsychologists B. functional fixedness. Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" 10. a. 6 to 8 Once the information reaches long-term memory, it has to be consolidated at both the synaptic level, which takes a few hours, and into the memory system, which can take weeks or longer. c. means-end analysis. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology c. theory of "private speech." According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory. C. Hindsight bias Lang JM, Ford JD, Fitzgerald MM. c. logical/mathematical intelligence. Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk-mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper, which she then just throws away. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologyduskull evolution arceus D. 100. b. language acquisition device. Yet, you dont notice most of your brains activity as you move throughout your daily routine. According to linguist Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device (or LAD): Heuristics are more commonly used in everyday situations, such as figuring out the best route to get from point A to point B. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts, Describe how schemata are organized and constructed. Whichofthefollowingoptionsistrueaboutalgorithms?a. b. use symbols; think d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks: Standardization What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. B. a. Japanese children. Explicit memories are those we consciously try to remember, recall, and report. 3.Question 1 2 pts Which of the following is not true about algorithms. Rating: 2 (1173 Rating) Highest rating: 5. Read the following sentences (Bransford & McCarrell, 1974), then look away and count backwards from 30 by threes to zero, and then try to write down the sentences (no peeking back at this page!). D. The availability heuristic, Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? Then, you step into the elevator and turn around to face the doors, looking for the correct button to push. Think about what you do when you walk into an elevator (Figure 7.4). When you remember something, you usually have several routes to get the information you are trying to access, and the more links you have to a concept, the better your chances of remembering. accident and has suffered brain damage that has severely limited mental functioning, The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence. C. They strive to evaluate their work subjectively. Psych Final Flashcards | Quizlet d. You must create an algorithmfor a problem before you can create a program to solve the problem. Which of the following is true of creative thinkers? Implicit memories can influence observable behaviors as well as cognitive tasks. The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood. A company uses a spreadsheet to prepare its statement of cash flows. c. 30 a. 75 Choose all that apply. When they were asked to remember the words, they tended to recall them in categories, showing that they paid attention to the meanings of the words as they learned them. d. pragmatic, In the brain, creating a mental image is _______ seeing an actual image. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. B. c. convergent thinking. Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning? While each situation is unique, you may want to use an algorithm when being accurate is the primary concern. In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? For example, before learning the concept of area of a square (and the formula to find it), you must understand what a square is. Current research suggests that it is the habit, or event schema, of checking our phones in many different situations that makes refraining from checking them while driving especially difficult (Bayer & Campbell, 2012). d. actual tasks involving memory. Work through this series of numbers using the recall exercise explained above to determine the longest string of digits that you can store. It is very brief storageup to a couple of seconds. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology B. a. phonemes A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of 110. An algorithm, whose characteristics will be discussed later, is a form that embeds the complete logic of the solution. Multiple Choice Q18 Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics? refers to the retention of information or experience over time? Algorithms Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development? c. a memory of a favorite childhood book. D. employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy. 90. c. algorithmic. b. syntax. According to Baddeley and Hitch, a central executive part of memory supervises or controls the flow of information to and from the three short-term systems, and the central executive is responsible for moving information into long-term memory. For example, an emergency room doctor making a decision about how to treat a patient could use an algorithm approach. You must be able to retrieve information from memory in order to do everything from knowing how to brush your hair and teeth, to driving to work, to knowing how to perform your job once you get there. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Encoding information occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Then suddenly, "Aha!" Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. The last step in the problem-solving process is _____. The working memory files hold a limited amount of information. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Social Sciences. She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. In other instances, you might be able to follow different paths that will all lead to the same solution. Exceptionally complex, cognition is an essential feature of human consciousness, yet not all aspects of cognition are consciously experienced. c. some sign language and many sounds. In some cases, you must follow a particular set of steps to solve the problem. Implicit memory includes procedural memory and things learned through conditioning. D. come in different forms. If your first pet was a Golden Retriever, there is a good chance that this would be your prototype for the category of dogs. Algorithms can be a great problem-solving choice when the answer needs to be 100% accurate or when each decision needs to follow the same process. Strategies to stimulate divergent thinking. By using an algorithm, accuracy is increased and potential mistakes are minimized. a. subjective. Unlike heuristics, algorithms are shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem. Importantly for memory, activating any part of a semantic network also activates the concepts linked to that part to a lesser degree. b. females. The companys minimum desired rate of return is 10%. It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. Identify the age group during which children typically understand adult literary work. D. 95, Which of the following would NOT be a case of mental retardation? B. problem solving. d. Psychiatrists. a. attachment; language It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect." 120. c. what a person knows about a particular type of object does c. Fluid intelligence The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. a. a mental set. It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. c. all languages have the same pragmatics. Lets quickly test your autobiographical memory. Which of the following is true about overlapping subproblems? On the other hand, if time is an issue, then it may be best to use a heuristic. d.$8,000. While often thought of purely as a mathematical term, the same type of process can be followed in psychology to find the correct answer when solving a problem or making a decision. Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain? D. categorical thinking. Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics? A. heuristic Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience. For example, if you meet someone at a party and your phone is dead but you want to remember his phone number, which starts with area code 203, you might remember that your uncle Abdul lives in Connecticut and has a 203 area code. c. convergent thinking. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? B. ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process. Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of. For most people, the capacity will probably be close to 7 plus or minus 2. A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as: a. Psychoanalysts This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. Next count backwards from 40 by fours, then check yourself to see how well you recalled the sentences this time. b. c. Fetal alcohol syndrome Really quickly, what is the first word that comes to mind when you hear peanut butter? C. move back home with her parents and commute to college. Their model of human memory (Figure 8.4), called Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information. Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. A. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. Psychology Chapters 6-9 Flashcards | Quizlet involves being receptive to other ways of looking at things. c. Australian children. c. the representative heuristic. We cannot absorb all of it, or even most of it. This book uses the In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories, natural and artificial. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology 2022-06-21T19:02:13+00:00 lakers celebrity seating chart 2019 bottle caps candy root beer only a. There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system: recall, recognition, and relearning. The haystack was important because the cloth ripped. The human nervous system is capable of handling endless streams of information. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be Psychology is considered a science and comes from a foundation of chemistry because of its focus on research. Publish: 15 days ago. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as semantic encoding. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. Most likely none of us could even come close to answering these questions; however, American actress Marilu Henner, best known for the television show Taxi, can remember. Psychologists who study problem-solving have described two main processes that people utilize to reach conclusions: algorithms and heuristics. The use of artificial concepts to define an idea is crucial to communicating with others and engaging in complex thought. A. generalized. D. socially maladjusted. C. 90. The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. Once the information has been encoded, we have to somehow retain it. d. Which of the following is true of algorithms? Creative intelligence c. is a device that aids in language translation for international business. Psychology is a social science that is rooted in the natural sciences, like history and philosophy. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. D. Inductive reasoning, ________ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. Because event schemata are automatic, they can be difficult to change. For example, what was your professor wearing the last class period? Using Stern's formula, her IQ is: words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. B. Algorithms are faster than heuristics. A. _______ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered. a. mental set. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect.". Jessica has been searching for a new apartment. Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics c. measure what it's supposed to measure. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? The terms short-term and working memory are sometimes used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same. b. learning concepts first helped students have better vocabularies. a. the same ability. B. Short-term memory is more accurately described as a component of working memory. Cognitive psychologists strive to determine and measure different types of intelligence, why some people are better at problem solving than others, and how emotional intelligence affects success in the workplace, among countless other topics. Cognitive psychology studies all of the following EXCEPT Descriptions: Algorithms can be written to solve every problem. b. divergent thinking. Q. : Which of the following is the correct definition of algorithms? Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably. An Algorithm simply refers to the process or the set of rules which are vital in calculations. What are the most effective ways to ensure that important memories are well encoded? From a language perspective, Jordan is having difficulty with a specific _______. d. language; concepts, The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure? Implicit priming is another type of implicit memory (Schacter, 1992). D. deductive reasoning. Posted on 3. A. risk avoidance How is it possible that the brain is able to move from one thought to the next in an organized, orderly fashion? Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as. D. evaluating solutions, rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time. C. fixation Algorithmsare written in a programming language. Peterson and Peterson (1959) investigated short-term memory using the three letter sequences called trigrams (e.g., CLS) that had to be recalled after various time intervals between 3 and 18 seconds. Psychology Exam Flashcards | Quizlet IQ is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean IQ of 100 and a typical standard deviation of about: A. autistic. A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? D. subgoal. d. valid. One cannot really consider long-term memory without thinking about the way it is organized. According to Goldstone and Kersten (2003), concepts act as building blocks and can be connected in countless combinations to create complex thoughts. C. practicing groupthink (b) In contrast, artificial concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that they always exhibit, such as what defines different basic shapes. They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. The self-reference effect is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance (Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker, 1977). Brainstorming is an example of By themselves, the statements that you wrote down were most likely confusing and difficult for you to recall. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. a. standardization. (credit: Mark Richardson), video that explains short-term and long-term memory, video about superior autobiographical memory, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-1-how-memory-functions, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Discuss the three basic functions of memory, Describe the three stages of memory storage, Describe and distinguish between procedural and declarative memory and semantic and episodic memory. Although implicit memories are learned outside of our awareness and cannot be consciously recalled, implicit memory is demonstrated in the performance of some task (Roediger, 1990; Schacter, 1987). b. not important in measuring intelligence. They make fewer mistakes than their less-imaginative counterparts. Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solutions to problem. B. divergent thinking. A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. [Best Answer] Which of the following are true about algorithms? (You b. four A. b. confirmation bias. In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. Craik and Lockhart (1972) proposed the levels of processing hypothesis that states the deeper you think about something, the better you remember it. Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and TrueThe symmetric key algorithm is a class of cipher that uses identical or closely related keys for encryption and decryption. A prompt, such as that the restaurant was named after its owner, might help you recall the name of the restaurant. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The process of myelination begins prenatally. _________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled. Plate was primed by activating the semantic network. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. In this case, Monique has There are many different examples of how algorithms can be used in daily life. Why is this? In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, one might follow a(n): C. algorithm View this video that explains short-term and long-term memory to learn more about how memories are stored and retrieved. C. information-processing capacity. They are used to evaluate the solutions. d. do not communicate. How do you get that information back out of storage when you need it? There are three types of encoding. When you first learned to do these tasks, someone may have told you how to do them, but everything you learned since those instructions that you cannot readily explain to someone else as the way to do it is implicit memory. A. convergent thinking. Recognition happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. People often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. B. refers to the ability to yield a consistent result to what it is intended to measure. a. snacks and friends. c. mental sets. a. attention and spatial memory. predict the class of data. If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be: Multiple Choice Q19 Choose all that apply. There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. d. pragmatics. c. cultural bias. Choosing which apartment is best is an example of C. timing bias. C. mental set refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.