Nhsd Application Status, Cook County Hospital Jobs Taleo, Best Way To Heat And Cool A 40x60 Shop, Articles W

Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Watch with Prime [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. Henry VII ruled - as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do - through fear rather than love. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. Rarely was a father's reign so widely disparaged and disowned on the accession of the son. More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. Thanks largely to the desertion of his stepfather, Lord Stanley, to him, he defeated and slew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. His spies and informers were everywhere. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. His spies and informers were everywhere. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Penn then moved on to how Henry became King. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. (1): (April 24, 1883. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. "King Henry VII" redirects here. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. Thank you for subscribing. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. But he leaves us wondering how Henry got away with it. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. [4] Owen is said to have secretly married the widow of Henry V, Catherine of Valois. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Henry VII was born in Pembroke Castle , Wales, on January 28 th, 1457. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. (We certainly can, and do, decide what sort of king Henry was based on what he had his government get up to, however.). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Corrections? It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. Thomas Mores coronation poem for Henry VIII contrasted the new Kings reign with the dark days of the past. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? [citation needed], By 1509, justices of the peace were key enforcers of law and order for Henry VII. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . [citation needed] During his 23-year reign, Henry had only two Lord High Treasurers, and this continuity helped provide stability. Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. Celebrating the release of The Colour of Bone A London Charnel House. The house of York then appeared so firmly established that Henry seemed likely to remain in exile for the rest of his life. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! Backdating Henry's Reign. Henry was a remarkable man. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Why is this ambitious? this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. Henry VII is actually a less familiar figure, despite being the same person. 4. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine.