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In Israel, there was sometimes more than one prophet, and sometimes there were many prophets. These promises of prosperity and a successful mission were to have met fulfillment in large measure during the centuries following the return of the Israelites from the lands of their captivity. A Jewish legend claims that he was stoned to death by his people. As the numbers of Israel increased, they were to enlarge their borders, until their kingdom should embrace the world (cf. The glory that distinguished the early part of the reign of Solomon was due in part to his own faithfulness during that time, and in part to the fact that his father David had seemed to appreciate fully Israels exalted privileges and responsibilities (see Psalms 51:10, 11; Isaiah 55:3; cf. In this case, he was an octogenarian. Yet not He belonged to a family of priests whose home town was Anathoth. The fourth school of interpretation may, at times, arrive at a valid application of the predictive portions of Old Testament prophecy to the church today and to its future experience, but neglects the primary application of these messages to their historical setting, and proceeds, quite arbitrarily, to determine that certain selected passages were written more or less exclusively for the church today. Several of the prophets messages are dated exactly, and the last of these dated prophetic messages was received in the 27th year of Ezekiels captivity (chapter 29:17), 571/70. The prophets did not always clearly understand messages they themselves had borne pointing forward to the distant future, to the coming of the Messiah (1 Peter 1:10, 11). It was His purpose to set them on high above all nations of the earth (Deuteronomy 28:1), with the result that all people of the earth would recognize their superiority and call them blessed (Malachi 3:10, 12). When the probationary period of 490 years ended, the nation was still obdurate and impenitent, and as a result forfeited its privileged role as His representative on earth. Hosea 2:6-13). Israel would reply, Accept our God as your God, love and serve Him as we do, and He will do the same for you. The blessings thus assured Israel were, on the same conditions and in the same degree, assured to every nation and to every individual under the broad heavens see Acts 10:34, 35; 15:7-9; Romans 10:12, 13; etc.). Web1 God calls Jeremiah to be prophet in Judah. Jodi T. Religion. They forfeited Gods blessing because of failure to fulfill His purpose in making them His chosen people, and thus brought ruin upon themselves. Spiritual prosperity was to prepare the way for material prosperity. Higher than the highest human thought can reach is Gods ideal for His children. For two of them (Joel and Obadiah), however, no conclusive evidence as to the time of their work exists, and scholars differ widely in their views concerning this matter. Thus, for more than 1,500 years, a great experiment designed to test the relative merits of good and evil was conducted before the world. Inasmuch as it is possible to date the kings of Judah and Israel, especially the later ones, with comparatively high accuracy, the various reigns during which these sixteen prophets ministered have been entered in this chart according to the tentative chronology used in this commentary. Seventh-day Adventists believe that, generally speaking, the promises and predictions given through the Old Testament prophets originally applied to literal Israel and were to have been fulfilled to them on the condition that they obey God and remain loyal to Him. While it is thus known that he began his work in 520 and continued until 518 B.C., the end of his prophetic ministry must be left open. Church tradition suggests that Jeremiah was stoned to death in Egypt by the Jews. Although the Hebrew term naar, youth, or child, by which the prophet designates himself verse (6), does not give an indication of Jeremiahs exact age at the time of his call, the context of the passage in which this word appears seems to favor the interpretation that he was still very young, perhaps less than twenty. The prophet was a citizen of Judah, but delivered messages to the kingdom of Israel as well. Owing to the failure of the Jews as Gods chosen people, many of the prophecies of the Old Testament, such as those affirming the worldwide mission of Israel and the ingathering of the Gentiles (see Genesis 12:3; Deuteronomy 4:6-8; Isaiah 2:2-5; 42:6; 49:6; 52:10; 56:6, 7; 60:1-3; 61:9; 62:2; Zechariah 2:11; 8:22, 23; etc. (27-3) Ezekiel 25:3. It is certain, however, that he lived and labored in the southern kingdom, and that his main prophecy dealt with Assyria in general and Nineveh in particular. 5. But with regards to how Jeremiah died, the Scriptures leave no record. It was Gods design that the whole earth be prepared for the first advent of Christ, even as to-day the way is preparing for His second coming. They voluntarily accepted God as their sovereign, and this constituted the nation a theocracy. They grasped at the material blessings so generously offered them, but refused the spiritual graces that would have transformed their lives and fitted them to be His representatives. The prophet Jonah was a Galilean from Gath-hepher. For these reasons the 7th-century date for Joel has been adopted in this commentary, although there is no conclusive proof that this choice is correct. A. They eagerly sought the power of His kingdom, but were unwilling to be guided by its principles. In their meticulous attention to the letter of the law they lost sight of its spirit. In these tragic events the words of Moses met their final and complete fulfillment: As the Lord rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the Lord will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goes to possess it. They blindly overlooked those scriptures that point to the humiliation of Christs first advent, and misapplied those that speak of the glory of His second coming. Thus it was with Daniel, a bright example of what man may become, even in this life, if he will make God his strength and wisely improve the opportunities and privileges within his reach (see Daniel 1:8-20). The short book of Obadiah, consisting of only 21 verses, is not dated and its chronological setting is uncertain. Paul states the same truth in Romans 9:30, 31, where he makes it plain that the Christian church has replaced the Hebrew nation in the divine plan. Hence, the year 603 can be considered as the beginning of Daniels ministry as a prophet. WebIsaiah 65:12 I will destine you for the sword, and you will all kneel down to be slaughtered, because I called and you did not answer, I spoke and you did not listen; you did evil in My sight and chose that in which I did not delight." Then came a pause in his activity of almost two years, at the end of which Zechariah received another divine message, on December 6, 518 (chapter 7:1), recorded in chapters 7 and 8. The response of the prophets is contrasted: Jeremiah is spontaneous and candid, while Ezekiel makes no spoken reply in the call narrative (pp. This call came to him in the 13th year of King Josiah (chapters 1:2; 25:3), about 627. WebJeremiah 15:1 Then the LORD said to me: "Even if Moses and Samuel should stand before Me, My heart would not go out to this people. In the introduction to his book he declares that he worked under the kings Uzziah of Judah and Jeroboam II of Israel. Note by whom it was spoken, to whom it was addressed, and the circumstances that called it forth. No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, Know the L ORD , for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the L ORD. The consecutive order of the book of Haggai would indicate that his whole recorded ministry lasted not longer than 31/2 months, beginning (chapter 1:1) on August 29, 520 B.C., and extending, in his last two recorded speeches (chapter 2:10, 20), to December 18, 520. From generation to generation these holy men of God (2 Peter 1:21) called Israel to repentance and righteousness and kept alive the Messianic hope. Jeremiah 32:17 highlights this point by stating, "O Sovereign Lord! WebLast time you checked the cover of your family Bible, it probably didnt say The Bible, by God. since nearly all are named and credit given to a specific writer: the book of Isaiah to Isaiah, the books of Jeremiah and Lamentations to Jeremiah, the book of Ezekiel to Ezekiel, and so on. Spiritual Israel includes both Jews and Gentiles (verse 24). After the great final call to the world to acknowledge the true God, those who persisted in refusing allegiance to Him would unite together with the evil thought of laying siege to the city of Jerusalem and taking it by force of arms, in order to appropriate to themselves the material advantages with which God had blessed His people (Ezekiel 38:8-12; Jeremiah 25:32; Joel 3:1, 12; Zechariah 12:2-9; 14:2; cf. Isaiah was a prophet for the kingdom of Judah, ca. Rabbinic tradition has it that Isaiah's father, Amoz (not the same as Amos the prophet), was a brother of King Amaziah. Prophecies of the former classification cannot now be fulfilled because they were strictly conditional in nature and limited in scope, by their very nature, to literal Israel. He went to Bethel, a sanctuary city of the northern kingdom, to deliver prophecies of warning, reproof, and doom to Israel. 3:5). Hosea. In Isaiah Send them from My presence, and let them go. Gods call to the nations would have been, Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth (Isaiah 45:22). Nick Baumgardner, a senior writer from the same publication, predicts Notre Dames all-time sack leader will fall to the early third round in his latest mock draft.. Daniel Jeremiah, a draft analyst for the NFL Network, concurs. According to His beneficent purpose, the covenant promises were to have met fulfillment in large measure during the centuries following the return of the Israelites from the lands of their captivity. Micah states that his ministry fell in the time of the kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (chapter 1:1). In spite of Israels ultimate failure, a limited knowledge of the true God and of the Messianic hope was widespread when the Saviour was born (see on Matthew 2:1). The 7th-century view.This view holds that Joels ministry seems to fit into the early years of Josiah, when Assyrian power was nearing its end and Babylon was still a weak kingdom. Revelation 17:13, 14, 17). Isaiah lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. Jeremiah sank into the mud, according to the biblical account. Yet the book contains no clear indication of the time in which the prophet lived. Between the first invasion of Nebuchadnezzar in 605 B.C. At the time of the Babylonian captivity God had specifically announced that that experience was not to mark a full end of Israel as Gods people (Jeremiah 4:27; 5:18; 46:28). Jeremiah blames the people for ethical misbehavior. But here, as in all exposition of Scripture, we should avoid affirming as the explicit teachings of the Bible that which is our private, finite view, however plausible it may appear to be. Predictions of national disgrace, rejection, and woe that were to result from apostasy would never have been realized. Since Jothams sole reign began after the death of his father Uzziah in 740/39, the initial date for Micahs prophetic ministry should probably be placed after that date. Several of his messages were against various foreign nations. It was to be the result of wholehearted cooperation with the will of God as revealed through the prophets, and of divine blessing added to human efforts. It is possible that he worked much longer, as part of chapters 9-14 may have been given at a much later time. 1 Peter 2:9, 10). Its people were given no promise of complete restoration to their former power in Palestine. The following simple rules are suggested as a safe approach to the study of each prophetic passage of the Old Testament: 1. Promises not already fulfilled to literal Israel either would never be fulfilled at all or would be fulfilled to the Christian church as spiritual Israel. Hosea was from the Northern Kingdom, Micah and Jeremiah were from the Southern kingdom. They cherished the idea that they were favorites of Heaven, and were ungrateful for the opportunities so graciously afforded them. A Anathoth 51 Q Who became king of Babylon about the same time as Jeremiah was called by God? See on Zechariah 1:8. When the catastrophe came, he lamented the terrible fate of his people in the Book of Eichah (Lamentations) which we read on Tisha B'Av. 9:129) This verse first Thus it had been with Enoch (Genesis 5:24), Abraham (chapter 26:5), and Joseph (chapter 39:2-6). Most of them left chronological data by which the duration of their ministry can be determined, at least approximately. Old Testament Study. In Jeremiah, we see evidence of God elevating humble men like Jeremiah to become leaders precisely when they are needed. Remember thatgenerally speakingit was originally given with respect to the historical circumstances that called it forth. In the lives of Gods people the truths of His word are to reveal their glory and excellence. Instead of becoming light bearers to the world they absorbed its darkness and reflected that darkness instead. It ignores the plain statements of the Old Testament that Gods promises to Israel were all conditional. One of the main objectives of the Bible commentator is to reconstruct the historical setting in which the declarations of the prophets were originally made. The state was still to be administered in the name, and by the authority, of God. WebEzekiels use of dramatic prophetic signs, his rejection of collective divine punishment and assertion of individual responsibility are discussed. A Nebuchadnezzar 59 Q The close of his ministry is tentatively set by some scholars at 510. A clear understanding of these aspects of the problem is essential to the formulation of a valid procedure for interpreting the messages of the Old Testament prophets. For these reasons his ministry can be dated from about 755 (or earlier) to about 725 B.C. Continuing faithfully under the following three kings, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (chapter 1:1), he seems to have been fiercely hated by Manasseh, Hezekiahs wicked son. The people might approach God personally and through the ministry of a mediating priesthood, their representatives before Him; He would direct the nation through the ministry of prophets, His appointed representatives to them. Psalms 68:31. None of Judahs last four kings trusted in the Lord, so Jeremiahs ministry was rejected by all of them. Yet in mercy, God still bore with His people, and in due time Messiah came (Malachi 3:1-3). See Exodus 31:2-6; 35:33, 35. EZEKIEL is born Josiah tries to purify the land 612 Ninevah destroyed according to Nahum's prophecy in the Book of Nahum 1:1-3:19 as prophecied in 663-654BC. Following this line of interpretation, some have gone to the extreme of proposing a Christian migration to Palestine. WebIsaiah's time, Babylonian exile, and return to exile 21 Q Where did Jeremiah live when he was called to be a prophet? WebFrom the time of King Josiah, Jeremiah was the Lords prophet in Jerusalem. Nehemiah 13:23-27). The importance of their books cannot be overestimated, as many of these prophecies are yet to be fulfilled. For these reasons Daniels extended prophetic ministry can be dated approximately from 603 to 535 B.C. It was last of all that God sent unto them his son, according to Christs own words (Matthew 21:37), but they caught him and slew him (verse 39). However, all his messages were addressed to the northern nation. The modernist school of interpretation denies the predictive element in prophecy altogether, arguing either that the predictions were written down after the events thus foretold took place or that such predictions reflected nothing more than the prophets hopes for the future, or those of his people. To pray by faith for God to fulfill His promises, we must be obedient to Gods difficult commands. To the very last, Christ would have averted the doom of the Jewish nation if the people had received Him. The prophet Hosea was a citizen of the northern kingdom of Israel, whose ruler, Jeroboam II, is called by the prophet, our king (chapters 1:1; 7:5). The Christian church is a spiritual nation scattered all over the world, and such details obviously could not apply to it in a literal sense. The transition from literal Israel to spiritual Israel, or the Christian church, is the subject of Romans 9-11. For a short time during his reign Assyria turned from its polytheistic religion to a kind of monotheistic Nabu worship. According to this view, Jeremiah said, in effect, that Jerusalem would be deserted for about 70 years, about the length of a persons life. The work of no other prophet can be dated so definitely as that of Haggai. It was ordained of God to meet the needs of His people at the time it was given and to remind them of the glorious destiny that awaited them as a nation, of the coming of the Messiah, and of the establishment of His eternal kingdom. Cooperation with the natural laws of body and mind would result in ever-increasing mental strength, and the people of Israel would be blessed with vigor of intellect, keen discrimination, and sound judgment. It is not known whether Malachi is the name of the author or simply the title of an otherwise anonymous author, since Malachi means my messenger. If it is the latter, his is the only anonymous work among the prophetic books of the Old Testament. 1. This leads us to conclude that Malachis work may have followed Nehemiahs first term as governor, but preceded his return to Jerusalem from the Persian capital. They forgot that God abhors a multiplication of the forms of religion (Isaiah 1:11-18; Hosea 6:6; Micah 6:7; Malachi 2:13), and asks of man nothing but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with his God (Micah 6:8; cf. The prophets vivid description of the catastrophe that had befallen Thebes leaves the impression that the event was still fresh in the memory of the people, whereas Assyrias power, although waning, was not yet near its end. Salvation was to be of the Jews, in that the Messiah would be a Jew (John 4:22), and by the Jews, as messengers of salvation to all men (Genesis 12:2, 3; 22:18; Isaiah 42:1, 6; 43:10; Galatians 3:8, 16, 18). He should not be confused with Micaiah, the son of Imlah, a prophet of Israel in Ahabs time (9th century B.C.). Thus. Enigmatic is his statement that this 5th year of captivity was also the thirtieth year. It is believed that the prophet refers either to his own age or to that year as the 30th year reckoned from the reform which took place during the 18th year of Josiah. This concept of the role of Israel is reiterated again and again throughout the Old Testament. Before the Israelites entered the Promised Land, God warned them not to forget that the blessings they were to enjoy there if they cooperated with Him would come as divine gifts (see Deuteronomy 8:7-14), not primarily as the result of their own wisdom and skill (verses 17-19).